Missing heritability - refers in part to the complexity of trait heritability; when the combined effect of genes contribute more to the phenotype than the prominent, individual causal genes. "Significant" variants that cause the trait are identified with GWAS.
Sanger sequencing - precedes next gen sequencing; sequencing of nucleotides, where chain-terminating nucleotides are added to the recipe. Tags or labels on these nucleotides are now common, so that all 4 bases can be combined in a single reaction. Products are then stacked to determine the sequence.
Pyrosequencing - Sequencing based on the emission of light when specific nucleotides are added, with the amount of light proportional to amount of incorporated nucleotides. Nucleotides are added one a time, so the sequence can be determined.
Illumina sequencing - of next-gen sequencing; Reversible dye-terminators are used so that single bases can id'd as they are introduced into DNA strands. Dyed bases with blocking groups attach during the PCR; a laser excites the dyes and enables a photo of the sequence to be taken, and then the blocking groups and dyes are removed. This process is repeated until the whole strand is sequenced. This allows for multiple strands to be sequenced simultaneously because of the automated nature of the process.
Transposable elements/transposons/te: DNA sequence that are "mobile genetic elements". I.e., they can change their position within the genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations, and generally are non-coding although they can be important in genome function and evolution.
"random walk" and "house of cards" models of mutation - the former causes a random additive change (increase or decrease) on the character of the mutant individual, whereas the mutation in the latter is independent and thereby brings down the structure built up by evolution.
